Gravitational Effect of Cosmological Expansion

Abstract

Assuming a gravitational effect that varies with time,  which can be formally described by the evolution of the density of the universe, supported by the results of A. Friedmann based on Newtonian gravitational fields, a model of cosmological expansion is developed that allows explanations for some of the fundamental problems in cosmology today.
In particular for this model without taking into account dark matter and dark energy to the universe's age of the Standard Model, there is significant agreement with the value H₀=69.8 km/sMpc determined by W. Freedman in 2019.
From the decreasing gravitational effect, which results from this model with increasing distance of the standard candles, implications for distance determination are inferred, whose formal estimation for the decreasing luminosity of supernovae and galaxies at the larger distances leads to deviations, which in particular explains the deviating measurements for the Hubble Constant.
Specifically, these estimates for the deviating distances are applied to the seemingly contradictory measurements of the accelerated expansion of the universe by S. Perlmutter from 1998 and of the BAO Peak by L. Anderson from 2013, resulting in alternative interpretations for these measurements.